Number of Fatalities

Quantify the WTP of a quality-adjusted-life-year for Australians

Fire
Flood
Storm
Earthquake
Tsunami
Heatwave
Calculated WTP Marginal Change being measured Recommendations
$84,508.39 AUD

WTP for one additional quality-adjusted life-year*

Useful for BT in Australia - be aware of generalised context - not NH specific

WTP Details

Hazard types identified
Not specific to a natural hazard
Specific Value Type measured
Fatality
Currency Year - original study
WTP estimate - original study value
$64,000 per quality-adjusted-life-year
Currency - original study
AUD
WTP converted to $AU in original year from the study
$64,000.00 AUD
WTP measure
n/a
95% confidence interval (upper)
$68000.00 AUD
95% confidence interval (lower)
$60000.00 AUD
Other variables that significantly explain WTP

n/a

Study Details

Value type applicable
Physical Health
Mental Health
Study conducted in the context of a natural hazard?
No
Study quality
Average
Benefits transfer applicability
Average
Recommendations

Useful for BT in Australia - be aware of generalised context - not NH specific

Methods

Data collection method used
Bidding game
Analysis model
Turnbell method
Modelled number of individuals
1000
Modelled number of observations
1000

Sample Characteristics

Country/region studied
Australia
Country of source studies
Australia
Sampled population
Australia
Range in years of data
2007
Mean sample age
n/a
Percent Male
50
Percent Female
50
Mean sample income
n/a
Income units
n/a

Publication

International survey on willingness-to-pay (WTP) for one additional QALY gained: what is the threshold of cost effectiveness?

Shiroiwa, T., Sung, Y.K., Fukuda, T., Lang, H.C., Bae, S.C., Tsutani, K. 2010. International survey on willingness-to-pay (WTP) for one additional QALY gained: what is the threshold of cost effectiveness? Health Economics. 19: 422-437.
Citation
Shiroiwa, et al. 2010
Authors
Shiroiwa, T., Sung, Y.K., Fukuda, T., Lang, H.C., Bae, S.C., Tsutani, K.
Year published
Journal name
Health Economics

Additional information

Notes on this study

This study assesses WTP for a Quality Adjusted Life Year (QALY) in the context of a serious illness that threatens ones life, specifically as a life limiting illness rather than chronic disease. This context could be applicable to physical illnesses that are life limiting, but also extreme cases of mental illness where life is threatened (e.g. risk of suicide). To apply the estimate, one needs to be able to estimate what impact the hazard event has on a QALY (i.e. how quality of life changes as a result of the event, where QALY is measured on a scale of 0=death to 1=full health). There are studies available that can provide estimates of how QALYs are affected by hazard events, e.g. Queensland Government. 2011. Self-reported Health Status 2011: Natural disasters and health. Queensland Health.

Quantify the aggregated WTP (Value Risk Reduction) to avoid fatality by road traffic accident in an urban area in NSW

Fire
Flood
Storm
Earthquake
Tsunami
Heatwave
Calculated WTP Marginal Change being measured Recommendations
$8,410,769.92 AUD

Aggregate WTP to avoid a life lost per event

 Useful for BT in urban Australian cities - be aware of generalised context - not NH specific

WTP Details

Hazard types identified
Not specific to a natural hazard
Specific Value Type measured
Fatality
Currency Year - original study
WTP estimate - original study value
$6,369,655 per life
Currency - original study
AUD
WTP converted to $AU in original year from the study
$6,369,655.00 AUD
WTP measure
Mean
Other variables that significantly explain WTP

n/a

Study Details

Value type applicable
Physical Health
Study conducted in the context of a natural hazard?
No
Study quality
High
Benefits transfer applicability
Average
Recommendations
Useful for BT in urban Australian cities - be aware of generalised context - not NH specific

Methods

Data collection method used
Choice modeling; annual vehicle kilometres; annual number of fatality and injury
Analysis model
mixed logit model
Modelled number of individuals
210
Modelled number of observations
1420

Sample Characteristics

Country/region studied
New South Wales
Country of source studies
Australia
Sampled population
New South Wales
Range in years of data
2007
Mean sample age
44.2
Percent Male
50
Percent Female
50
Mean sample income
$38,400
Income units
AUD/year

Publication

Estimating the willingness to pay and value of risk reduction for car occupants in the road environment

Hensher, D.A., Rose, J.M., de Dios Ortúzar, J., Rizzi, L.I. 2009. Estimating the willingness to pay and value of risk reduction for car occupants in the road environment. Transportation Research Part A. 43: 692–707.
Citation
Hensher, et al. 2009
Authors
Hensher, D.A., Rose, J.M., de Dios Ortúzar, J., Rizzi, L.I.
Year published
Peer reviewed?
Yes
Journal name
Transportation Research Part A

Additional information

Notes on this study

To obtain an aggregated VRR, convert the WTP per person per trip to a WTP per person per kilometre, and then multiply by the inverse of the chance of death or injury class. Hence, WTP per person per trip estimates are available in the paper.

Quantify the aggregated WTP (Value Risk Reduction) to avoid fatality by road traffic accident in a non urban area in NSW

Fire
Flood
Storm
Earthquake
Tsunami
Heatwave
Calculated WTP Marginal Change being measured Recommendations
$8,316,235.41 AUD

Aggregate WTP to avoid a life lost per event

 Useful for BT in non-urban Australian areas - be aware of generalised context - not NH specific

WTP Details

Hazard types identified
Not specific to a natural hazard
Specific Value Type measured
Fatality
Currency Year - original study
WTP estimate - original study value
$6,298,062 per life
Currency - original study
AUD
WTP converted to $AU in original year from the study
$6,298,062.00 AUD
WTP measure
Mean
Other variables that significantly explain WTP

n/a

Study Details

Value type applicable
Physical Health
Study conducted in the context of a natural hazard?
No
Study quality
High
Benefits transfer applicability
Average
Recommendations
Useful for BT in non-urban Australian areas - be aware of generalised context - not NH specific

Methods

Data collection method used
Choice modeling; annual vehicle kilometres; annual number of fatality and injury
Analysis model
mixed logit model
Modelled number of individuals
210
Modelled number of observations
710

Sample Characteristics

Country/region studied
New South Wales
Country of source studies
Australia
Sampled population
New South Wales
Range in years of data
2007
Mean sample age
44.2
Percent Male
50
Percent Female
50
Mean sample income
$38,400
Income units
AUD/year

Publication

Estimating the willingness to pay and value of risk reduction for car occupants in the road environment

Hensher, D.A., Rose, J.M., de Dios Ortúzar, J., Rizzi, L.I. 2009. Estimating the willingness to pay and value of risk reduction for car occupants in the road environment. Transportation Research Part A. 43: 692–707.
Citation
Hensher, et al. 2009
Authors
Hensher, D.A., Rose, J.M., de Dios Ortúzar, J., Rizzi, L.I.
Year published
Peer reviewed?
Yes
Journal name
Transportation Research Part A

Additional information

Notes on this study

To obtain an aggregated VRR, convert the WTP per person per trip to a WTP per person per kilometre, and then multiply by the inverse of the chance of death or injury class. Hence, WTP per person per trip estimates are available in the paper.

Meta-analysis of Value of Statistical Life studies from various countries

Fire
Flood
Storm
Earthquake
Tsunami
Heatwave
Calculated WTP Marginal Change being measured Recommendations
$7,637,924.80 AUD

Aggregate WTP to avoid a life lost per event

Useful for BT with data drawn from a wide variety of locations - including Australia - be aware of generalised context - not NH specific

WTP Details

Hazard types identified
Not specific to a natural hazard
Specific Value Type measured
Fatality
Currency Year - original study
WTP estimate - original study value
$6,036,000 per life
Currency - original study
AUD
WTP converted to $AU in original year from the study
$6,036,000.00 AUD
WTP measure
Mean
Other variables that significantly explain WTP

n/a

Study Details

Value type applicable
Physical Health
Study conducted in the context of a natural hazard?
No
Study quality
Average
Benefits transfer applicability
Average
Recommendations

Useful for BT with data drawn from a wide variety of locations - including Australia - be aware of generalised context - not NH specific

Methods

Data collection method used
Stated preference; Revealed preference
Analysis model
Meta-analysis random effects model
Modelled number of individuals
n/a
Modelled number of observations
99

Sample Characteristics

Country/region studied
n/a
Country of source studies
n/a
Sampled population
n/a
Range in years of data
>1980
Mean sample age
n/a
Percent Male
n/a
Percent Female
n/a
Mean sample income
n/a
Income units
n/a

Publication

The health of nations: the value of a statistical life

Access Economics, 2008. The health of nations: the value of a statistical life. Report prepared for the office of the Australian Safety and Compensation Council, Canberra.
Citation
Access Economics, 2008
Authors
Access Economics
Year published
Peer reviewed?
No
Journal name
n/a

Additional information

Notes on this study

The source studies and countries from the modelled studies were not specified in the report, however the full list of studies canvassed includes Australia, Austria, Canada, Denmark, Europe, France, Hong Kong, Japan, New Zealand, South Korea, Sweden, Switzerland, Taiwan, UK, US and other.
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