Inquiry Search
Rec-ID | Code | Recommendation |
---|---|---|
REC313-2514 | 16 - Training and behaviour | Upskilling IT resources through disaster recovery testing or formal training. |
Rec-ID | Code | Recommendation |
---|---|---|
REC310-2487 | 39 - Disaster Risk Management | The state’s arrangements for disaster management, including recovery, are articulated in the Disaster Management Act (2003), the Queensland Reconstruction Authority Act (2011), the State Disaster Management Plan and the Queensland Recovery Plan. To enable state-level arrangements to better support community-led recovery and to improve Queensland’s recovery governance |
Rec-ID | Code | Recommendation |
---|---|---|
REC308-2462 | 11 - Evacuation and shelters | Relevant authorities should work with the tourism sector to clarify future arrangements for evacuation. In particular they should look closely at differentiating voluntary and directed evacuations in their messaging, |
REC308-2460 | 11 - Evacuation and shelters | The Queensland Chief Health Officer should work with the Office of the Inspector-General Emergency Management to raise, with the Commonwealth, the need for all aged care providers to plan and exercise for evacuation to a similar safe establishment. |
REC308-2458 | 39 - Disaster Risk Management | A strategy should be developed to improve the availability of information to decision-makers and other audiences. Information should be searchable, more specific, timely, and allow stake-holders to find what they want. |
REC308-2452 | 39 - Disaster Risk Management | Planning and warnings for storm tide should be based on modelling that shows the chances of an event occurring (probabilistic). |
REC308-2464 | 16 - Training and behaviour | The provision of system-wide education, guidance and testing to enhance requests for Assistance is strengthened. |
Rec-ID | Code | Recommendation |
---|---|---|
REC286-2051 | 1 - Land-use and building regs | Establish arrangements to enable the buy-back of specified landslip prone land. |
REC286-1463 | 39 - Disaster Risk Management | Develop enablers and capacity for Tasmanian earthquake risk owners. |
REC286-2073 | 16 - Training and behaviour | Ensure people designing and certifying buildings are appropriately trained and qualified. |
REC286-1435 | 1 - Land-use and building regs | Monitor effectiveness of new Land Use Planning and Building System reforms to evaluate effectiveness of delivering desired outcomes. |
REC286-1474 | 1 - Land-use and building regs | Raised access routes. |
REC286-2017 | 39 - Disaster Risk Management | Improve maintenance of flood mitigation infrastructure. |
REC286-2038 | 1 - Land-use and building regs | Monitor effectiveness of new Land Use Planning reforms to evaluate effectiveness of delivering desired outcomes. |
REC286-1451 | 1 - Land-use and building regs | Include consideration of coastal inundation in land use planning for new developments and uses. |
REC286-2050 | 1 - Land-use and building regs | Ensure landuse planning and building systems, including appeal mechanisms, are transparent, equitable and integrated at the municipal, State and national levels. |
REC286-1461 | 39 - Disaster Risk Management | Review all hazards response and recovery plans to ensure they address likely earthquake consequences. |
REC286-2066 | 39 - Disaster Risk Management | Advocate for an National Notifiable Diseases Database. |
REC286-1434 | 16 - Training and behaviour | Improve the strategic resource-to-risk skills mix (recruitment, retention, capacity), including investigating difference models of volunteering within the TFS Brigade Network. |
REC286-1472 | 11 - Evacuation and shelters | Develop flood evacuation plans for at risk communities. |
REC286-2015 | 1 - Land-use and building regs | Build flood capable infrastructure. |
REC286-2037 | 1 - Land-use and building regs | Make property level information on landslide hazards publicly available |
REC286-1450 | 39 - Disaster Risk Management | Improve the understanding of the vulnerability of critical infrastructure. |
REC286-2049 | 39 - Disaster Risk Management | Pro-actively manage landslide areas. |
REC286-1455 | 39 - Disaster Risk Management | Assess options for managed coastal retreat. |
REC286-2065 | 16 - Training and behaviour | Deliver human influenza pandemic training and exercises in THS and other key organisations. |
REC286-1471 | 1 - Land-use and building regs | Promote the use of Water Sensitive Urban Design in stormwater systems. |
REC286-2013 | 16 - Training and behaviour | State to develop a Swift Water rescue capability. |
REC286-2036 | 16 - Training and behaviour | Provide information on landslide hazards and risks to decision makers. |
REC286-1448 | 39 - Disaster Risk Management | Utilise coastal mapping to assess need for coastal defences. |
REC286-2046 | 1 - Land-use and building regs | Incentivising safer sites (charge people less rates and discounts for defensive actions by land managers). |
REC286-1454 | 11 - Evacuation and shelters | Review coastal inundation evacuation and response plans. |
REC286-2057 | 16 - Training and behaviour | Provide training sessions to GPs to improve their understanding of their roles, options and obligations relating to human influenza pandemic. |
REC286-1469 | 39 - Disaster Risk Management | Actively manage riparian vegetation to manage flood dynamics. |
REC286-2026 | 11 - Evacuation and shelters | Identify facilities that can be used as cool spaces during heatwaves and establish linkages between operators and emergency management organisations |
REC286-2089 | 39 - Disaster Risk Management | Identify and analyse statewide storm hazard risk. |
REC286-1447 | 39 - Disaster Risk Management | Assess vulnerability of ecosystems and species to coastal inundation. |
REC286-1478 | 39 - Disaster Risk Management | Review environmental risks associated with hazardous uses within flood prone areas. |
REC286-2044 | 1 - Land-use and building regs | Develop linkages between landslide risk assessors and building engineers/structural works. |
REC286-1453 | 1 - Land-use and building regs | Review building controls to ensure they are adaptive to changing coastal inundation risks. |
REC286-2056 | 39 - Disaster Risk Management | Review Ambulance Tasmania surge capacity. |
REC286-1468 | 39 - Disaster Risk Management | Identify and anlalyse the location of critical infrastructure within defined flood areas. |
REC286-2081 | 39 - Disaster Risk Management | Engage with industry bodies to explore opportunities to better understand and manage risks. |
REC286-1444 | 16 - Training and behaviour | Maintain adequate seasonal fire crew resources across the fire agencies. |
REC286-1477 | 16 - Training and behaviour | Develop and deliver flood incident response management training to SES personnel. |
REC286-2023 | 1 - Land-use and building regs | Locate and design new public infrastructure so that it can continue to operate during flood events. |
REC286-2040 | 1 - Land-use and building regs | Further development of Landslide Hazard Banding of the State (MRT). |
REC286-1452 | 39 - Disaster Risk Management | Improve understanding of the allocation of ownership across government, business and individuals. |
Rec-ID | Code | Recommendation |
---|---|---|
REC279-1231 | 16 - Training and behaviour | Training Strategy: By April 2015, develop a training strategy that identifies volunteer training priorities and provides for ongoing review to ensure operational currency, flexibility of delivery and evaluation |
REC279-1232 | 16 - Training and behaviour | Volunteer Charter: by December 2014, agree a charter with volunteers that clarifies roles and expectations including commitments by: a) SES to support volunteers to prepare for and respond to emergencies b) SES to make the best use of volunteers’ time by introducing user-friendly systems and reducing the administrative burden on them c) volunteers to turn-out when called to respond to emergencies. |
Rec-ID | Code | Recommendation |
---|---|---|
REC276-1178 | 16 - Training and behaviour | Within six months, consider improved processes for consulting with and engaging volunteers and continue to work with LGs to improve information sharing and communication. Specifically, DFES should improve communication around its decisions on equipment and training as well as provide better information about access to services. |
Rec-ID | Code | Recommendation |
---|---|---|
REC268-1429 | 2 - Emergency powers | A dynamic online list of positions and contact details is published for those able to authorise Emergency Alert, and made accessible to local government. |
REC268-1428 | 16 - Training and behaviour | The Warning and Alert Systems training (including the use of Emergency Alert and the requirements of the guidelines) is delivered to: |
Rec-ID | Code | Recommendation |
---|---|---|
REC266-1535 | 21 - Role of Commonwealth Government | To provide improved oversight and assurance in its administration of the Natural Disaster Relief and Recovery Arrangements, the Australian National Audit Office (ANAO) recommends that the Attorney‐General’s Department: |
REC266-1534 | 21 - Role of Commonwealth Government | The Australian National Audit Office (ANAO) recommends that the Attorney‐General’s Department significantly improve the administration of disaster relief and recovery funding by: |
Rec-ID | Code | Recommendation |
---|---|---|
REC263-1097 | 16 - Training and behaviour | CFA should: improve Brigade Operational Skills Profiles to reflect volunteer activity and availability |
Rec-ID | Code | Recommendation |
---|---|---|
REC256-1570 | 1 - Land-use and building regs | All governments should put in place best-practice institutional and governance arrangements for the provision of public infrastructure, including road infrastructure. These should include: |
REC256-1576 | 21 - Role of Commonwealth Government | Within three years, the Australian Government should develop and implement a framework for untied grants for community recovery assistance to state and territory governments. This framework should take into account factors such as the type, location and scale of a disaster, and the number of people affected. |
Rec-ID | Code | Recommendation |
---|---|---|
REC248-2587 | 16 - Training and behaviour | Victoria Police should adequately train all frontline police managers to handle complex personal matters involving staff. |
Rec-ID | Code | Recommendation |
---|---|---|
REC244-2605 | 39 - Disaster Risk Management | A thorough consultative process be developed and implemented between the CFS and local government. This will determine how bushfire management planning can enable improved process and practice to mitigate bushfire risk, and ensure that fire permits are issued and complied with. |
Rec-ID | Code | Recommendation |
---|---|---|
REC243-0845 | 21 - Role of Commonwealth Government | That Government agencies work closely with the Bureau of Meteorology and radio stations that broadcast emergency service announcements, to ensure the earliest possible determination of, and communications about, dangerous bushfire conditions. |
Rec-ID | Code | Recommendation |
---|---|---|
REC239-2723 | 1 - Land-use and building regs | That the Queensland Fire and Rescue Service examine alternative contractual arrangements with building owners which would reduce the need for physical attendance at alarm activations. |
REC239-2711 | 39 - Disaster Risk Management | That the Inspector General Emergency Management be empowered to provide an assurance to Government that the disaster management system is both appropriate and capable of dealing with complex events. |
REC239-2774 | 39 - Disaster Risk Management | Those final determinations of disaster management districts include consultation with the Local Government Association Queensland, the Queensland Fire and Rescue Service and other Government departments. |
REC239-2692 | 39 - Disaster Risk Management | That the Queensland Police Service Disaster Management Unit is to be permanently located at the State Disaster Coordination Centre to work on a day to day basis with the proposed new Department of Fire and Emergency Services. |
REC239-2741 | 16 - Training and behaviour | That the annual training calendar identify course, training location and the coordinating authority. |
REC239-2691 | 39 - Disaster Risk Management | That the Commissioners of Police and the Queensland Fire and Rescue Service review the current district disaster boundaries as a matter of urgency in-line with the findings and recommendations of the Auditor–General’s report into the Queensland disaster management system. |
REC239-2740 | 16 - Training and behaviour | That impediments to the publication of an annual training calendar of core skills be removed. |
REC239-2671 | 16 - Training and behaviour | That all Queensland Corrective Service provision of training should be contestable. |
REC239-2729 | 16 - Training and behaviour | That the Queensland Fire and Rescue Service work to change the culture of entitlement so that firefighters recognise firefighting is only one of a range of skills they bring to their core role of emergency management. |
Rec-ID | Code | Recommendation |
---|---|---|
REC237-0825 | 1 - Land-use and building regs | That the NSW Rural Fire Service hold discussions with the Department of Planning and Infrastructure and Local Government NSW on ways to improve compliance with development consents under section 76A of the Environmental Planning and Assessment Act 1979. |
Rec-ID | Code | Recommendation |
---|---|---|
REC229-2841 | 1 - Land-use and building regs | The committee recommends that credible and reliable flood mapping activities and the development of other information that would best inform landowners or prospective landowners of potential risks from extreme weather events are prioritised and used to inform land use planning laws. |
REC229-2840 | 39 - Disaster Risk Management | The committee recommends relevant authorities work with community service organisations in both planning responses to and responding to extreme weather events, in particular those organisations that provide vital services to vulnerable groups. |
REC229-2842 | 1 - Land-use and building regs | The committee recommends that building codes incorporate mitigation measures that take into account foreseeable risks from extreme weather events. |
Rec-ID | Code | Recommendation |
---|---|---|
REC222-1867 | 16 - Training and behaviour | The Minister for Emergency Services ensure that the Fire and Emergency Services Authority’s peer support program is rejuvenated as soon as possible with increased funding to provided added training for staff volunteering for this program |
REC222-1865 | 16 - Training and behaviour | The Minister for Police immediately instigate processes to ensure that the psychological well-being of officers is at the forefront of the Western Australia Police’s staff planning. These processes should include all officers being trained in psychological first aid, with subsequent regular refresher courses. Senior officers should be the first priority for psychological first aid training. |
Rec-ID | Code | Recommendation |
---|---|---|
REC207-2899 | 21 - Role of Commonwealth Government | Improved seasonal forecasting capabilities: |
REC207-2878 | 21 - Role of Commonwealth Government | Complete workforce planning project and succession plans as a matter of urgency. |
REC207-2894 | 21 - Role of Commonwealth Government | Phase out seasonal prediction development and modelling and rely on products generated elsewhere |
REC207-2898 | 21 - Role of Commonwealth Government | Upgrade to the Bureau’s supercomputing capacity: |
REC207-2876 | 21 - Role of Commonwealth Government | Focus the Bureau’s evolving environmental information role on natural hazards in the first instance. |
REC207-2891 | 21 - Role of Commonwealth Government | Cease or reduce the Ionospheric Prediction Service or offer it as a commercial service. |
REC207-2897 | 21 - Role of Commonwealth Government | Additional frontline meteorologists and specialised centres and systems: |
REC207-2873 | 21 - Role of Commonwealth Government | Boost the Bureau’s flood warning capacity by: |
REC207-2887 | 21 - Role of Commonwealth Government | Centralise media services and establish protocols for media activity. |
REC207-2896 | 21 - Role of Commonwealth Government | Lower yield options identified by the Bureau: |
REC207-2872 | 21 - Role of Commonwealth Government | Boost the number of frontline meteorologists to build response capacity in regional forecasting centres. |
REC207-2886 | 21 - Role of Commonwealth Government | Explore options to limit forecaster intervention in site-specific web forecasts. |
REC207-2896 | 21 - Role of Commonwealth Government | Lower yield options identified by the Bureau: |
REC207-2900 | 21 - Role of Commonwealth Government | Explore use of social media to enhance data gathering from authorised and informal sources and to disseminate weather information |
REC207-2882 | 39 - Disaster Risk Management | Review disaster recovery and business continuity plans. |
REC207-2895 | 21 - Role of Commonwealth Government | Fund delivery of improved seasonal forecasting services by: |
Rec-ID | Code | Recommendation |
---|---|---|
REC206-1894 | 21 - Role of Commonwealth Government | The Committee recommends that the Minister for Financial Services and Superannuation immediately establish a joint industry-Government action group to address evidence of the rising costs and market failure of insurance premiums across Australia. |
REC206-1893 | 21 - Role of Commonwealth Government | The Committee recommends that the Australian Government investigate ways to reduce the cost of calling 1300 numbers from mobile telephones in areas of natural disasters. |
REC206-1886 | 21 - Role of Commonwealth Government | The Committee recommends that the Australian Government work with the Insurance Council of Australia to make the following amendments to the General Insurance Code of Practice by 1 July 2012: |
Rec-ID | Code | Recommendation |
---|---|---|
REC205-1901 | 1 - Land-use and building regs | The Council of Australian Governments’ Building Ministers’ Forum should provide formal direction to the Australian Building Codes Board to: |
REC205-1900 | 1 - Land-use and building regs | As a priority, state and territory governments should ensure that land-use planning systems are sufficiently flexible to enable a risk management approach to incorporating climate change risks into planning decisions at the state, territory, regional and local government levels. Consideration should be given to: |
Rec-ID | Code | Recommendation |
---|---|---|
REC186-0397 | 21 - Role of Commonwealth Government | The committee recommends the Commonwealth Government require guaranteed access to emergency call services for people with a disability at all times. |
Rec-ID | Code | Recommendation |
---|---|---|
REC179-2978 | 16 - Training and behaviour | The Department of Human Services should make sure relevant senior staff complete recovery training. |
Rec-ID | Code | Recommendation |
---|---|---|
REC174-2984 | 39 - Disaster Risk Management | To improve Centrelink’s preparedness for responding to future disasters, the ANAO recommends that Centrelink include disasters that impact on multiple Areas in its emergency and business continuity test exercise program. |
Rec-ID | Code | Recommendation |
---|---|---|
REC170-0065 | 16 - Training and behaviour | Agencies should: train their staff who will be involved in emergencies in incident management. |
Rec-ID | Code | Recommendation |
---|---|---|
REC165-0081 | 2 - Emergency powers | District and State levels utilise the current Act to make pre-emptive declarations of a disaster event (likely disasters) so as to be proactive in leading and controlling disaster events. All levels of the system should immediately notify other levels if they activate the Disaster Management arrangements. The Public Safety Preservation Act 1986 be amended to provide powers for Police Officers to provide an immediate response in the event of a rapid onset disaster event such as a landslide. |
REC165-0095 | 11 - Evacuation and shelters | Planning and consultation be undertaken by EMQ with all levels of the Disaster Management system to ensure that necessary risk-based disaster evacuation plans are prepared at Local, District and State levels, supported by necessary community education and preparedness programs. |
REC165-0086 | 2 - Emergency powers | Suggested escalation trigger points be discussed with District Disaster Coordinators and Local Disaster Coordinators, and if considered practical and useful, be incorporated in Local, District and State Disaster Management Plans. |
Rec-ID | Code | Recommendation |
---|---|---|
REC160-3043 | 21 - Role of Commonwealth Government | The ANAO recommends that Centrelink develop and promulgate a business continuity plan (BCP) template and require business units to develop BCPs that identify: |
REC160-3041 | 21 - Role of Commonwealth Government | To improve the governance arrangements for business continuity management (BCM) in Centrelink ,the Australian National Audit Office (ANAO) |
Rec-ID | Code | Recommendation |
---|---|---|
REC156-3496 | 21 - Role of Commonwealth Government | The Bureau of Meteorology contact list for severe weather warning be strategically managed in consultation with Emergency Service Organisations, to identify critical contacts. The Bureau of Meteorology must ensure the detail for these critical contacts remains up to date. |
REC156-3495 | 16 - Training and behaviour | The Department of Primary Industries should work through the appropriate Ministerial Councils to seek alignment of competency standards for line workers across jurisdictions. |
Rec-ID | Code | Recommendation |
---|---|---|
REC151-3107 | 2 - Emergency powers | Immunity be prescribed for persons (including volunteers) using force in the exercise of a power or function under the FES Act or carrying out any direction or requirement given or imposed at the scene of a fire or other emergency. |
REC151-3079 | 2 - Emergency powers | Crown Law opinion be obtained to determine whether the FES Act gives the Minister power to direct and control individual Chief Officers and if that provision does not exist then the FES Act be amended to include that power. |
Rec-ID | Code | Recommendation |
---|---|---|
REC147-3187 | 16 - Training and behaviour | The ANAO recommends that, in order to maximise the benefit of emergency management training activities, EMA review periodically its approach to delivering individual training courses, to ensure the most appropriate delivery mechanism is used commensurate with training objectives. |
Rec-ID | Code | Recommendation |
---|---|---|
REC146-3191 | 21 - Role of Commonwealth Government | The committee recommends the Australian Government strengthen CASA's governance framework and administrative capability by: |
Rec-ID | Code | Recommendation |
---|---|---|
REC145-3213 | 1 - Land-use and building regs | The Committee notes the Council of Australian Governments initiative (through the Local Government and Planning Ministers Council) to develop state-specific climate change planning policies by mid 2011, to inform local governments and regional planning responses to climate change. The Committee recommends that the Australian Government ensure that the outcomes of this initiative are included as part of the action plan under the proposed new Intergovernmental Agreement on the Coastal Zone. |
REC145-3195 | 21 - Role of Commonwealth Government | The Committee notes the importance of mitigation measures in addressing climate change impacts and accordingly recommends that the Australian Government continue to take urgent action to ensure that Australia can best contribute to a reduction in global greenhouse gas emissions. |
REC145-3227 | 39 - Disaster Risk Management | The Committee recommends that coastal based Natural Resource Management bodies seeking funding under the Caring for our Country program have coastal and marine priorities, as well as coastal zone management principles integrated in their management plans. |
REC145-3210 | 39 - Disaster Risk Management | The Committee recommends that the Department of Climate Change, in collaboration with the Queensland Government, CSIRO and Indigenous communities in the Torres Strait, undertake a major study into the vulnerability of the Torres Strait to the impacts of climate change and provide assistance in the development of an adaptation plan. |
REC145-3222 | 1 - Land-use and building regs | The Committee recommends that the Australian Government: |
REC145-3209 | 39 - Disaster Risk Management | The Committee notes that major initiatives relating to climate change adaptation risk assessment and infrastructure are currently in progress. Given that much of Australia’s infrastructure is in the coastal zone and the particular threats facing the coastal zone from climate change, involving significant socioeconomic costs, the Committee recommends that the Australian Government ensure there is a comprehensive national assessment of coastal infrastructure vulnerability to inundation from sea level rise and extreme sea level events. |
REC145-3215 | 1 - Land-use and building regs | The Committee recommends that the Building Code of Australia, including cyclone building codes, be revised with the objective of increasing resilience to climate change. |
REC145-3203 | 39 - Disaster Risk Management | The Committee recommends that: |
REC145-3214 | 1 - Land-use and building regs | The Committee recommends that the Australian Government consider the benefits of adopting a nationally consistent sea level rise planning benchmark and, if so, whether this be done on a statutory basis or otherwise. The outcomes of this consideration should then be included as part of the action plan for the proposed Intergovernmental Agreement on the Coastal Zone. |
REC145-3199 | 16 - Training and behaviour | The Committee recommends that the Australian Government continue funding under the Climate Change Adaptation Skills for Professionals Program. In addition, the Australian Government should liaise with tertiary institutions to ensure an adequate supply of appropriately skilled coastal planners and engineers. |
Rec-ID | Code | Recommendation |
---|---|---|
REC144-3393 | 1 - Land-use and building regs | The Committee recommends that the responsibility for land management issues lie within a single portfolio, specifically the Minister for Territory and Municipal Services. |
Rec-ID | Code | Recommendation |
---|---|---|
REC140-3555 | 16 - Training and behaviour | The Tasmanian Ambulance Service Clinical Advisory Committee review helicopter and fixed wing Flight Paramedic training and consider extending the scope of practice to embrace the role of retrieval paramedic in the Doctor/Paramedic retrieval team setting. |
Rec-ID | Code | Recommendation |
---|---|---|
REC116-2114 | 21 - Role of Commonwealth Government | Related to recommendation 16, the Working Group recommends that the likelihood and consequences be systematically assessed by appropriate agencies that would include Geoscience Australia, the Bureau of Meteorology, CSIRO and the Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry among others. The range of hazards to be considered should include but not be limited to; |
REC116-2106 | 16 - Training and behaviour | The Working Group recommends that appropriate building/surveyor peak bodies be identified, and that discussions be held between the emergency management sector and those peak bodies at State/Territory and national level with a view to: |
REC116-2104 | 39 - Disaster Risk Management | The Working Group recommends that in addition to existing disease control and pandemic management plans, States/Territories should consider developing a pandemic emergency management plan that considers the impact of pandemic disease broadly, encompasses all government and private sector agencies and addresses: |
REC116-2127 | 39 - Disaster Risk Management | The Working Group recommends that the Australian Government and the States/Territories use the survey templates compiled in each of their jurisdictions during the capability review workshops, and the scenarios to consider their current and future capabilities, to respond to and recover from large scale disasters. |
REC116-2116 | 39 - Disaster Risk Management | The working group recommends that a similar project to the Review of Australia's Ability to Respond to and Recover from Catastrophic Disasters be established to consider the longer term consequences of catastrophic disasters and their resulting recovery implications. Key aspects of such a review would include: |
Rec-ID | Code | Recommendation |
---|---|---|
REC111-3941 | 39 - Disaster Risk Management | That the State Disaster Management Group supported by the Department of Emergency Services ensures that State-wide a robust disaster risk management process is established that includes the aggregation of relevant information from local, district, functional and threat specific plans to develop a hazard risk profile for Queensland. |
REC111-3940 | 39 - Disaster Risk Management | To enhance disaster risk management planning processes, it is recommended that the State Disaster Management Group supported by the Department of Emergency Services develop a suitable performance management system to ensure local, district, functional and threat specific Disaster Management Plans are — |
REC111-3937 | 16 - Training and behaviour | To enhance the delivery of disaster management services, it is recommended that the Department of Emergency Services — |